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Historical Period

Nebuchadnezzar's golden Babylon, the exile of Judah, and the coming of Cyrus.

Use the timeline below to navigate through major events and milestones.

Neo-Babylonian Empire · 626-539 BC
Ancient Mesopotamia

The Neo-Babylonian Empire

From the wreck of Assyria, a Chaldean dynasty raised Babylon to its final and most dazzling glory. Nebuchadnezzar II rebuilt the city with the blue Ishtar Gate, a towering ziggurat, and gardens remembered as a wonder of the world — and carried the people of Judah into exile. Yet within a single lifetime it all passed, at a stroke, to Cyrus the Persian. Slide across the last age of independent Babylon.

626 BC
Chaldean Dynasty
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626 BC

Chaldean Dynasty
  • Political

    Nabopolassar frees Babylon

    The Chaldean chief Nabopolassar seizes Babylon, throws off the Assyrian yoke, and founds a new empire.

10 milestones

Meanwhile

Around 626 BC

Full Chronicle

The Neo-Babylonian Empire

From the wreck of Assyria, a Chaldean dynasty raised Babylon to its final and most dazzling glory. Nebuchadnezzar II rebuilt the city with the blue Ishtar Gate, a towering ziggurat, and gardens remembered as a wonder of the world — and carried the people of Judah into exile. Yet within a single lifetime it all passed, at a stroke, to Cyrus the Persian. Slide across the last age of independent Babylon.

  1. Chaldean Dynasty
    • Nabopolassar frees Babylon

      The Chaldean chief Nabopolassar seizes Babylon, throws off the Assyrian yoke, and founds a new empire.

  2. Chaldean Dynasty
    • The Battle of Carchemish

      As crown prince, Nebuchadnezzar smashes the Egyptian army at Carchemish, winning Syria and the Levant for Babylon.

  3. Chaldean Dynasty
    • Nebuchadnezzar II takes the throne

      The greatest of Babylon's kings begins a reign of forty-three years that will make his city the wonder of the age.

  4. Chaldean Dynasty
    • The wonders of Babylon

      Nebuchadnezzar rebuilds Babylon with the glazed-blue Ishtar Gate, the great ziggurat Etemenanki, and gardens of legend.

  5. Chaldean Dynasty
    • The first fall of Jerusalem

      Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem, deposes its king, and carries off the first captives to Babylon.

  6. Chaldean Dynasty
    • The destruction of Jerusalem and the Exile

      After a revolt, Nebuchadnezzar razes Jerusalem and its Temple and deports the people of Judah — the Babylonian Exile.

  7. Chaldean Dynasty
    • The death of Nebuchadnezzar

      The great king dies after forty-three years, and Babylon slides into a decade of coups and short-lived rulers.

  8. Chaldean Dynasty
    • The astronomers of Babylon

      Babylonian scholars keep meticulous records of the heavens, laying the foundations of mathematical astronomy.

  9. Chaldean Dynasty
    • Nabonidus, the last king

      The devout, eccentric Nabonidus exalts the moon god Sin, withdraws to the Arabian oasis of Tayma, and alienates Babylon's priests.

  10. Fall of Babylon
    • Cyrus takes Babylon

      The Persian king Cyrus the Great enters Babylon almost unopposed, ending Mesopotamian independence for over two thousand years.